Sunday, November 16, 2008

Casa de Fe, Ecuador




















Welcome to Casa de Fe, a haven for abandoned and special needs children in the heart of the Amazon!

Our Mission Statement:  Believing that all children are created in God’s image, and for his perfect purpose, Casa de Fe is a Christ-centered ministry caring for abandoned and special needs children, providing care in a loving and supportive environment until they can be united with their biological or adoptive family.

About Adoption

Casa de Fe is not an adoption agency. We do however cooperate with the Ecuadorian government’s national and international adoption programs. If you would like information about our adoptable children with special needs, please contact us. We believe that God intended every child to grow up in a loving family.   

Links:

http://www.lacasadefe.org/

http://www.lacasadefe.blogspot.com/

 

Banos, Ecuador













Banos

In spite of the volcanic activity from Tungurahua that forced an evacuation from Baños (photo) during 1999/2000, the town is a popular tourist area with both Ecuadorian and foreign visitors. They come for the Basilica, the famous hot springs, the scenery and the accessability to the jungle via Puyo and Misahuallí.  Tungurahua, also known as "The Black Giant," is the largest volcano in Ecuador yet the most easily climbed, since Baños is already set on its hillside. Periodic drills keep residents and visitors aware of the potential risks. Be aware of activity before going to Baños.

Getting There and Around

Check flights from your area to Quito and other Ecuadorian cities with connections to Banos. From this page, you can also browse hotels, rental cars, and special deals.

Busses to and from Baños, map, arrive from Ambato, the capital of Tungurahua province, Quito, Cuenca, Latacunga, Riobamba, Puya, Misahuallí, and Quito. The station, Terminal Terrestre, is within walking distance to most of the hotels.

There are Jeep rentals in town, or you may Travel by Mule.

When to Go

Ecuador enjoys a spring-like climate most of the year. The pleasant climate is often misty and clouded over, but the clouds don't interfere with activities. Check today's weather.

Baños on Saturday and Sunday is crowded with weekenders; so if possible, plan a trip during the week. If you want to tie your visit to a local event, try:

October- the festival of Nuestra Señora del Agua Santa (Virgin of the Holy Waters) draws croweds with the religious processions, music, Baños photos of dancers, and fireworks.

December 15/16, Baños anniversary celebrations begin the evening before with verbenas when each neighborhood, or barrio hires a band and residents hold street dances. The anniversary day is celebrated with parades, civic events, and street fairs and sports events.

Things to Do

  • Baños is named for the Church of the Virgin of the Holy Water, Nuestra Señora del Agua Santa. The church is a place of pilgrimage for those who come to thank the Virgin for many miracles and to ask her blessing. The church was built in Gothic style from from volcanic rock at the start of the century. Inside the basilica are depiction of the volcanic eruptions and the Virgin's miracles.
  • Visit the museum within the basilica and these museums and art galleries
  • Hot springs! The baths, baños, are located within walking distance of the center of town. (See the map) The water is colored by the high mineral content, and the temperature varies by the amount of cold water mixed into the bath Enjoy the Thermal Springs in town at Baños de la Virgen, by the waterfall, near Hotel Sangay, and Santa Clara baths with sauna and a gym. El Salado, Santa Ana, and Eduardo's baths are near town
  • The swimming pool next to Baños de la Virgen also has a waterslide
  • Manto de la Virgen is one of the area's waterfalls
  • Learn Spanish in one of the language schools
  • Ride a horse in the hills around the town
  • Walk, hike or climb the surrounding trails and the volcano
  • Take a jungle tours to the Amazon rainforest. There are many tour operators in town
  • Bike. Mountain bike rentals are available. A favorite ride is the scenic road to Puyo
  • Tour San Martin Zoological Gardens to see many of the animals native to the Amazonian cloud forests and observe the care and protection given to endangered species or injured animals
  • Raft on one of the nearby rivers, but check water quality and conditions first.

Shopping Tips

Market days with local produce

Craft stalls and shops for crafts and handiwork and silver jewelry

Buy some sugar cane taffy called Melcocha. You may see it being made or being pulled by beating the candy against a doorframe or other sturdy surface

Stroll the pedestrian mall and browse the small shops

MAF, Ecuador












About MAF

Mission Statement

Our passion is to see individuals, communities, and nations transformed by the Gospel of Jesus Christ.  We promote this transformation by positioning Christ-centered staff in strategic locations worldwide utilizing aviation, communications, learning technologies, other appropriate technologies and related services. In accomplishing our mission, we collaborate with churches, subsidiaries, partners, and networks.

Aviation Detail

In its global efforts to overcome barriers, MAF operates the world's largest fleet of private aircraft used for the public good.

In fiscal year 2006, the MAF fleet of 54 aircraft executed 37,490 flights, logged 3,014,031 miles, transported 116,459 passengers, and delivered 10.2 million pounds of cargo all on 1,700 rough, unimproved dirt and grass airstrips as well as waterways.

More importantly, in the past 12 months, MAF planes saved Christian and humanitarian workers 66,928 days of travel time or 276.5 work years redeemed for productive Kingdom work!

These flights support Christian workers, evangelists, teachers, medical personnel, as well as relief and development workers. MAF planes haul food, seed, and livestock; transport the sick and injured; deliver doctors, medicine, and relief supplies; and carry the materials for a better life to people who need it most-people others cannot reach.

MAF airplanes are often the only safe and reliable means of transportation for those involved in ministry. In regions without trafficable roads, MAF typically can reduce a missionary's all-day trek by foot to a mere 20-minute flight.

Every 7 minutes, in some of the most remote places on earth, an MAF aircraft either takes off or lands.

One MAF airplane can haul a half-ton of cargo into a region that would otherwise require a train of pack animals, several guides, and weeks of grueling effort to reach by land.

In 1970, only a quarter of MAF passengers were nationals. Today, they represent the majority. Indigenous evangelists and missionary groups, who are the fruit of earlier missionary efforts, are increasingly seeking and reaching the lost and hurting in their own countries.

Community Development Detail

In isolated regions, using a full range of aviation, communications, and distance education services, MAF helps meet some of the most basic human needs, thereby gradually improving the quality of life for the local population. MAF helps improve living conditions and enables thousands of families to develop safe, healthy, and productive communities. 

MAF missionary-pilots assist in community development by transporting Christian staff and needed supplies for health and community improvement projects, as well as devoting many hours of personal time.

"Even though you reach out to the farthest corners of the globe, it is the person to person relationships that I see as your greatest strength. You have a huge impact in the areas you serve as there are no resources within the national culture to accomplish what you do." 
—Brenda Mantel,worker at an orphanage in Lesotho.

 

For example, in Mali, MAF has enabled dozens of water projects that provide clean and safe drinking water for thousands of people. Digging water wells by hand has opened opportunities to share the Gospel with grateful villagers. 

In one village alone where MAF staff dug a well, more than 35 new believers now attend a church initiated and built by the village people. 

Likewise, MAF solar panels enhance village resources. By providing electrical power, children who need to work in the fields by day are able to study at night. They remain in school, gain an education, and thus begin to break the cycle of illiteracy and poverty.

In other remote regions of the globe, MAF brings in teams of experts who teach mothers, daughters, aunts, and even grandmothers how to sew or plant gardens in order to provide families with a steady income. Then by transporting their produce, handicrafts, and hand-made clothing to distant marketplaces, MAF helps families earn a living. 

Recently in Haiti, 1,500 tilapia (a quickly reproducing species of fish) were loaded aboard an MAF flight destined for a Haitian orphanage. The goal was to provide its sixty-some children with a continual supply of food and much needed protein. A local ministry supplies tilapia from breeding ponds for transport to many locations. Once people are trained to care and feed this fast-growing fish, they benefit from a renewable food supply.

Medical Assistance

Everyday, MAF provides a profound Christian presence through flights of mercy, meeting healthcare and medical needs in the most isolated corners of the globe.

MAF responds quickly and effectively to save lives and ease suffering caused by accidents, disease, disasters, and deadly epidemics. 

In many remote villages of the world, the only ambulance service that can reach emergency cases is a small MAF plane flying from a short, unimproved runway. During medical flights, MAF staff members witness to patients about the love of Christ, often saving souls, as well as lives. 

Thousands are saved each year because MAF “wings of mercy” transport doctors, nurses, and medicines to patients in minutes instead of weeks. And many epidemics are prevented by massive immunization campaigns whose workers are flown in by MAF.

Every day, MAF transports tons of vital emergency and medical cargo. In hundreds of remote areas, clinics and hospitals can receive medicine, medical equipment, and supplies only if they are flown to them as cargo aboard an MAF airplane. 

MAF communications networks advance healthcare as well. Remote field clinics can maintain contact with large hospitals via HF radios connected to computers powered by solar panels, which relay email messages via satellite. 

MAF communications services have opened doors that are locked to traditional ministry strategies. For example, MAF installs solar panels in areas of South Central Asia without access to electricity. As a result, MAF embodies the light of the Gospel while powering small village clinics. 

Providing critical support to the international medical community, MAF aviation and communications services make the difference between life and death for hundreds of thousands of people living in remote areas of the globe.

National Training Detail

Discipleship - Skills Training - Leadership Development

Jesus’ reconciling work in this world drives the MAF imperative of being a transformational ministry. Jesus is the practical model for all MAF staff members to demonstrate God’s love through their message of hope, compassionate actions, and consistent lifestyle. The divine incarnation undergirds the importance of people going, living, and embodying Jesus among those to whom they minister. 

Indigenous brothers and sisters in Christ share the vision of bringing hope and help to their own countrymen. As an incarnational presence, MAF enables them to carry out that vision by transferring skills and knowledge. Utilizing formal settings, distance education and mentoring, MAF builds national capacity through discipleship, skills training, and leadership development.

Discipleship —As part of its missiological mandate, MAF trains and disciples fellow believers. National brothers and sisters in Christ, working hand in hand with MAF, make an invaluable contribution to help overcome barriers to the Gospel and the advancement of God’s Kingdom.

Skills Training —In partnership with MAF-approved schools such as LeTourneau University and the aviation program of Moody Bible Institute, MAF supports an ongoing program that provides nationals with flight training and college-level courses leading to a bachelor’s degree in mission aviation. The curriculum includes Biblical studies, aircraft maintenance, information technology (IT), finance, and management.

Leadership Development —The goal of MAF is to help equip church leaders for their task of building churches and equipping their congregations for ministry.

MAF-Learning Technologies (MAF-LT)

Enables Bible and ministry skills training for church leaders in the developing world by providing technology, expertise, consulting services,and synergism in digital publishing and distance education.

In partnership with organizations such as Moody Bible Institute and Greater Europe Mission, in fiscal year 2006 alone, MAF-Learning Technologies supported 19 ministries in 18 countries. More than 100 church leaders, previously without access to ministry training, were trained through distance education courses while thousands more accessed digital reference and study materials.

Ecuador

Mission Aviation Fellowship (MAF) provides vital aviation and radio communications services to national churches, Christian missions, and non-government organizations (NGOs) ministering in Ecuador, as well as to jungle villages.

THE NEED

In the Amazon basin region of Ecuador, the dense jungle and ever-changing serpentine rivers create living barriers, conspiring to keep people in isolation and spiritual darkness. The country lacks a national communications infrastructure, and all-weather roads are nearly nonexistent.

Childbirth, a snakebite, or a fall from a tree is a grave event in these jungles. Left untreated, minor ailments worsen until they become life-threatening medical emergencies. For the rural poor, health care is deteriorating rather than improving.

Since the 1960s, the Church has grown significantly in response to the faithful preaching of the Gospel. However, losses to cults and syncretistic beliefs are a great danger when opportunities are inadequate for believers to be discipled and grounded in God's Word. Many people groups in the Amazon integrate the beliefs and practices of animistic cults with Catholicism. Those in remote communities believe that shamans (witchdoctors) can kill and cure through magical means, which allows them to play an important part in their religious and social life.

THE SOLUTION

Since 1948, MAF has provided access to the Gospel and life-sustaining resources to the people of Ecuador.

In many of the country’s remote regions, MAF provides flights, communications, and logistical support for missionaries, local churches, and villages. MAF operates a fleet of five aircraft from two bases: Quito, the capital city of Ecuador, and Shell, on the edge of the Amazon basin.

Medical and air ambulance support are significant components of the MAF ministry in Ecuador. Forty-three percent of all MAF flights are medically related, including flights for the Ministry of Health, which sends health care teams into the jungle to provide preventative immunizations and rural health education programs. The recently established chaplain ministry, established in 2005, is impacting hundreds of patients and their family members each year.

Throughout the jungle, MAF communications networks enable villages to communicate with one another and with the outside world. Missions and local churches coordinate evangelism and discipleship programs, request medical emergency flights, and bring isolated communities together.

Ecuador, like many mission fields, has seen a rise in national missionaries and a corresponding decrease in foreign mission workers. The fruit of earlier mission efforts, national pastors and missionaries have a call to share the Gospel with their countrymen, but may not have the economic ability to use aviation services. When possible, MAF subsidizes their flights.

IMPACT 2007 HIGHLIGHTS

In the past 12 months, the MAF program in Ecuador ...

Saved Christian and humanitarian workers 4,873 days of travel time—or 20 work years redeemed for productive Kingdom work!

·      Executed 4,633 flights, transported 9,966 passengers, and delivered 544,421 pounds of cargo in order to provide access to the Gospel and to basic services such as health clinics, medical emergency evacuations, and education—services otherwise unavailable in jungle locations.

·      Supported 95 national and expatriate mission workers, including doctors, teachers, and translators, who provide critical services to isolated villages and remote regions.

·      Continued a chaplain ministry that ...

  • Witnessed to each passenger at the hangar by playing DVDs in the waiting room about Jesus Christ or His ministry.  
  • Distributed approximately 2,000 New Testaments and more than 9,000 Christian tracts.
  • Made 200 visits to the government hospital in Puyo, sharing the Gospel and encouraging patients. Shared the Gospel with some 800 people brought from the jungle on MAF air ambulance flights. Eighteen patients ultimately professed faith or expressed an interest in following Christ.  
  • Linked patients with jungle churches for follow-up and discipleship.
  • Provided many patients with clothes and personal hygiene items.

·      Provided monthly flights supporting the ongoing translation of the Old Testament into Shuar by Avant Ministries—a project that could not otherwise be accomplished.

·      Transported staff of Compassion International and Ecuador para Cristo to support their ministries to jungle communities.

·      Upgraded the MAF radio network, including replacing repeaters. Some 35 villages now have new radios, batteries and solar panels.

·      Installed 32 VHF radios, part of the 74 units in the MAF jungle radio system. The only communications link to the outside world, these radios allow isolated jungle villagers to contact doctors; doctors to schedule emergency flights; pilots to obtain accurate weather reports; church leaders to participate in regional training events; and remote communities to connect with one another.

·      Hosted six work teams from the U.S. and one from Ireland. These teams donated 90 days of service to MAF. The volunteers constructed protective containers to house radio systems, painted the hangar, and installed new roofs on the fuel depot and one missionary home. 

·      Enhanced the precision and safety of MAF flight operations by upgrading the safety equipment on two aircraft. A third aircraft is currently being upgraded.

·      Continued frequent flights for brigadas, medical teams each consisting of a doctor, nurse, and dental hygienist. These teams treat patients, teach improved hygiene, and instruct villagers in basic first aid to treat minor medical problems before they become serious and life threatening. Successfully lobbied the Ministry of Health to send more preventative medicine teams into the jungle, resulting in an increased number of teams in 2007. 

KEY GOALS 2008

·      Evaluate trends in usage and flight hours to determine fleet optimization needs, including the suitability of the Kokiak aircraft for Ecuador operations.

·      Continue the MAF chaplain ministry, including quarterly visits to village churches. Explore ways for the MAF chaplain program to coordinate ministry efforts with Alas de Socorro del Ecuador (ADSE).

·      Install the remaining 40 HF/VHF radios in the villages that are part of the MAF Jungle Community Radio Project.

·      Install a remote voltage monitoring system at two radio repeater stations as well as a new roof on the south repeater.

·      Work with MAF-Learning Technologies to assess the need for distance education services in Ecuador.

·      Continue ongoing efforts to nationalize the MAF program in Ecuador, working in close association with the MAF affiliate, Alas de Socorro del Ecuador.  Continue to develop an MAF/ADSE partnership, including possible integration of staff. Create a plan to promote the ministry of ADSE in Ecuadorian churches. Develop a program for mentoring and discipling ADSE missionaries.

·      Work with ADSE to develop a funding model for Ecuadorian missionaries that fits the Ecuadorian church situation.

·      Plan for and host visiting work teams throughout the year. Six to eight teams are anticipated over the next 12 months. 

  • Replace the roof on the old hangar apartment in Shell.


Shell Mera, Ecuador













Shell Mera (also Shell, La Shell, or Shell-Mera) is a town located in the eastern foothills of the Ecuadorian Andes about 94 miles from Quito. Its name comes from the Royal Dutch Shell Company, and the smaller town of Mera, which is 5 miles to the west.

Shell Oil base

Shell Mera was established in 1937 as a Shell Oil Company base. It originally consisted of little more than several basic shacks and a 5,000-foot airstrip. It was operated as part of Shell's prospecting efforts in the region. The base was located near some Indian tribes that were known to be hostile. On a few occasions the Indians attacked Shell resulting in the deaths of several employees. The oil company eventually considered the base too dangerous to maintain and abandoned it in 1948. However, it is more likely that business prospects had more to do with the decision. It was during this time that the Middle East rose in prominence in the oil industry since it was becoming much more productive. After spending 10 years prospecting in Ecuador, the oil company had not produced any oil from the region.

Missionary base

Sometime around 1949, Shell was reoccupied by the Mission Aviation Fellowship. The Fellowship recognized the importance of Shell due to its airstrip and road access to Quito. They used it as their main base of operations for mission work in Ecuador, and it was also the home base of MAF pilots Nate Saint and Johnny Keenan.

In 1954, Saint, a former member of the U.S. Army, welcomed General James Doolittle to Shell. Doolittle was an Air Force (Army Air Forces) aviator who rose to fame during a desperate bombing raid over Tokyo in 1942. Doolittle was visiting Ecuador for President Eisenhower on a fact-finding mission for the CIA.

World wide attention focused on Shell in January 1956 at the news of the disappearance of Saint and four other missionaries. They had been trying to reach the Huaorani tribe and had been making aerial reconnaissance missions. When they landed in Huaorani territory they were killed by the natives and their bodies were thrown into the Curaray River. Once again, Shell served as a base of operations, this time for the families of the victims and rescue workers.

Two years later, in 1958, the Hospital Vozandes Del Oriente opened its doors as the first hospital in that region of Ecuador. The hospital was the dream of Nate Saint, who donated both land and time to work on its construction before his death in 1956. It served an estimated 65,000 people who lived on the eastern side of the Andes and in the jungle. In 1985 a new Hospital Vozandes was opened on the other side of the Motolo River and the old hospital was converted to a guesthouse, lasting until 2007 when weather and termites forced it to be torn down.

In August 1964, Nate Saint Memorial School opened in Shell for missionary children. The school was the realization of an idea Saint had of starting a mission school. He believed it was important for children to go to school close to home. The school was started by MAF and later was transferred to HCJB who now operate it.

Today

Today, Shell is a much larger town than it was, complete with a Spanish-speaking church, hangers, hospital, schools, hotels, and missionary guesthouses. The Saints' house is also still standing. The airstrip remains operational and continues to service the region as the Rio Amazonas Airport (PTZ), which is owned by the military and used as a base. The airport is also still a major base of operations for the MAF.

Saturday, November 15, 2008

Tiweno, Ecuador













By the grace of God a very large majority of the Waorani tribe in Tiweno are believers. It was amazing to be apart of there life for a few hours and to see how the Gospel has transformed there lives. The Following is the history of the tribe, information is from Wikipedia.

The Huaorani, Waorani, or Waos are native amerindians from the Amazonian Region of Ecuador (in the Oriente region) with some marked differences with the others ethnic groups from Ecuador. (Auca is another, pejorative, name given by neighboring Kichwa Indians and commonly used by Spanish-speakers as well, awka - awqa in Quechua - meaning "enemy".) They comprise almost 4,000 inhabitants and speak the Huaorani language, a linguistic isolate without congeneres. Their ancestral lands are located between the Curaray and Napo rivers, about 50 miles (80 km) south of El Coca. These homelands are threatened by oil exploration and illegal logging practices. They are approximately 120 miles (190 km) wide and 75 to 100 miles (120 to 160 km) from north to south. The Huaorani have guarded their lands from both indigenous foes and outsider colonials (who they sometimes refer to as cowode, literally "nonhuman cannibals").

In the last 40 years, they have become a largely settled people living mostly in permanent forest settlements. As many as five communities, the Tagaeri, the Huiñatare, the Oñamenane and two groups of the Taromenane, have rejected all contact with non-Waorani, and continuously move into more isolated areas, generally towards the Peruvian border.

Name

The word Waorani means human or hombre in Wao Tiriro. Before the mid 20th century, it only included those kin associated with the speaker. Others in the ethnic group were called Waomoni, while outsiders were and are known by the derogatory term cowodi. This structure duplicates the in-group/out-group naming conventions used by many peoples, and may reflect a period of traumatic conflict with outsiders during the 19th and early 20th century rubber boom.

The name Waorani reflects a phoneticization by English-speaking missionary linguists. The phonetic equivalent used by Spanish-speakers is Huaorani (reflecting the absence of 'w' in Spanish usage.)

Subdivision

The Waorani are subdivided into the Huamuno Dayuno, Quehueruno, Garzacocha (Yasuní River), Quemperi (Cononaco River) Mima, and Caruhue.

Culture

Worldview

In the animist Waorani worldview, there is no distinction between the physical and spiritual worlds and spirits are present throughout the world. The Waorani once believed that the entire world was a forest (and used the same word, ömë, for both) and the Oriente’s rainforest remains the essential basis of their physical and cultural survival. For them, the forest is home, while the outside world is unsafe: living in the forest offers protection from the witchcraft and attacks of neighboring peoples. In short, as one Huaorani put it, “The rivers and trees are our life.” (Kane 1995:199) In all its specificities, the forest is woven into each Huaorani’s life and conceptions of the world. They have remarkably detailed knowledge of its geography and ecology.

Plants, especially trees, hold a complex and important interest for the Huaorani. Their store of botanical knowledge is extensive and ranges from knowledge of materials to poisons to hallucinogens to medicines. They also relate plants to their own experiences, particularly that of growing. Among trees, certain kinds are auspicious. Canopy trees, with their distinctly colored young leaves and striking transformation as they mature to towering giants, are “admired for their solitary character … as well as for their profuse entanglement” with other plants. Other significant trees are the pioneer species of the peach palm (used for making spears and blowguns, as well as for fruit), and fast-growing balsa wood, used for ceremonial purposes. Peach palm trees are associated with past settlements and the ancestors who live there. (Rival 1993)

The Waorani believe the animals of their forest have a spiritual as well as physical existence. They believe that when one dies he walks a trail to the afterlife, which has a large python in waiting. Those among the dead who cannot escape the python fail to enter the domain of dead spirits and return to Earth to become animals, often termites. This underlies a peculiar mix of practices that recognize and respect animals, but do not shield them from harm for human use. Huaroani who become Christians believe that God sent his son to experience death and walk the trail and encounter the python for them.

Hunting supplies a major part of the Waorani diet and is of cultural significance. Traditionally, the creatures hunted were limited to monkeys, birds, and wild peccaries. Neither land-based predators nor birds of prey are hunted. There is also an extensive collection of hunting and eating taboos. They refuse to eat deer on the grounds that deer eyes look similar to human eyes. While a joyful activity, hunting (even permitted animals) has ethical ramifications: “The Huaorani must kill animals to live, but they believe dead animal spirits live on and must be placated or else do harm in angry retribution.” (Seamans 1996) To counterbalance the offense of hunting, a shaman demonstrates respect through the ritual preparation of the poison, curare, used in blow darts. Hunting with such darts is not even considered killing, but retrieving, another kind of harvesting from the trees. Spearing wild peccaries on the other hand, is killing and is practiced with violence and rage. (Rival 2002)

While never hunted, two other animals, the snake and the jaguar have special significance for the Huaorani. Snakes are considered "the most evil force in the Huaorani cosmology" (Kane 1995:44), particularly the imposing (though nonvenemous) anaconda, or obe. A giant obe stands in the way of the forest trail that the dead follow to an afterlife with the creator in the sky. Here on earth, snakes are a very bad omen and killing them is a powerful taboo.

The Waorani identify themselves deeply with the jaguar, an important and majestic predator in the Oriente. According to myth, the Huaorani were the descendants of a mating between a jaguar and an eagle. Elders become shamans by metaphorically adopting “jaguar sons” whose spirits communicate medical and spiritual knowledge. In the Huaorani belief system, jaguar shamans are able “to become a jaguar, and so to travel great distances telepathically and communicate with other Huaorani.”

As with many peoples, the Waos maintained a strong in-group/out-group distinction, between Waorani (people who are kin), Waomoni (others in their culture who are unrelated) and cowode, other humans described as inhuman cannibals. It is not known if their view of outsiders predates the slavery and kidnapping associated with the 19th century rubber boom. The use of Waorani as a term for their entire culture emerged in the last fifty years in a process of ethnogenesis, which was greatly accelerated by the creation of ONHAE (see Indigenist political reorganization below), a radio service and a soccer league.

The Waorani notion of time is particularly oriented to the present, with few obligations extending backwards or forwards in time. Their one word for future times, baane, also means "tomorrow". (Rival 2002)

 

Weapons

A Waorani blowgun

Spears are the main weapons of the Waorani culture used in person-to-person conflict.

Their main hunting weapon is the blowgun. These weapons are typically from 3 to 4 metres long, and the arrows that are in them have curare poison, which paralyzes the muscles of the animal that is hit with it, so that it cannot breathe. With the introduction of western technology in the 20th century, many Waorani have come to use rifles for hunting.

 

Marriage

Waorani families practice endogamy, especially cross-cousin marriages — a woman may marry her cousin(s) from one or more sisters on his father's side, or from brother(s) on his mother's side (and necessarily vice-versa with regard to females and their marriage choices). The men may also have multiple wives. Sometimes, a man will kill another man to gain another wife; this was traditionally common if a man had no available cousin to marry.

Huaorani women remove all their body hair by first rubbing ash in the areas they do not want hair, allegedly to reduce the pain, then pulling out the hair.

 

Recent history

Around the time of World War II, there was a great increase of inter-clan killings: at this time it was estimated that up to 60% of all Huaorani deaths were due to murder. Some of the Huaorani trace the beginning of the killing to the breakdown of clan relationships around ten generations prior to this time. Prior to this period large gatherings frequently brought distant clans together from time to time to celebrate and arrange marriages, among other activities. These were organized by informal tribal leaders (although the Huaorani have no chiefs or formal leadership in general). When these gatherings became less common clans became estranged and offended with one another and conflicts began to escalate until the Huaorani became one of the most violent cultures ever documented (Saint 2005).

In 1956, a group of five American missionaries, led by Jim Elliot and pilot Nate Saint, made contact with the Huaorani in what was known as Operation Auca. Two days after friendly contact with three Huaorani, all five of the missionaries were killed in a spearing attack by a larger group from the same Huaorani clan. Nate Saint's sister, Rachel Saint, prior to these killings, had befriended a Huaorani woman named Dayuma. It is undisputed that most of Dayuma's clan had been killed in the inter-clan battles. Saint, Dayuma, and Jim Elliot's wife Elisabeth converted several of the Huaorani to Christianity. This helped break the cycle of violence in stopping most of the revenge killings that had threatened the very existence of the Huaorani clans. Pacification of the Huaorani and reliance upon missionaries for dealing with the outside world did, however, eventually allow increased oil scouting in the area over the years. With the discovery by Texaco of large petroleum reserves in the Ecuadorian Amazon rainforest in 1968, potential for conflict was again renewed. Eventually a deal was brokered in which many of the Huaorani were subsequently concentrated into a protectorate under the responsibility of SIL International.

Once the Huaorani schools were brought under the control of SIL missionaries, there was an attempt made to teach the beliefs of Christianity. There was also an attempt made to convert the tribe from hunting-and-gathering to farming in order to provide an agro-export, thus "contribut[ing] to the national good". Teachers were mainly of the neighboring Quichua. New systems of government were also introduced. These Christian influences have thus far granted the Huaoroni little in the way of material gains, while also facilitating the destruction of their former way of life, which had sustained them for centuries.

Acting on the advice of anthropologist James Yost, SIL eventually asked that Rachel Saint leave the Huaorani due to her interference with their culture and concerns about fostering dependency on imported goods (Brysk 2000:220). Rather than follow these instructions, Saint left SIL, maintaining her relationship with the Ecuadorian government. Since that time, the 60-mile (100 km) Vía Auca has contributed to the rise of oil exploration and settlers in Huaorani territory.

Nowadays (2008), the Huaorani have about 6,800 km² of land, about one third of their original land. Some work with tourism companies, and others obtain education until University level. Half of the small children attend schools in Spanish, but others still spend their days hunting and gathering.

 

Indigenous political reorganization

Prior to 1989, the Huaorani were very divided and politically unorganized. Of the more than two dozen settlements, the two permanent ones were Rachel Saint's (the Toñampare) and Dayuno, which was also under missionary influence. There were also a number of traditional clans and the Tagaeri. Though the Huaorani were surviving and healthy, their society in the two largest settlements was controlled almost entirely by missionaries, and there was no clear voice to communicate to the outside world.

In 1989, some of the Waorani attempted to regroup. A group consisting of over sixty, known as the Ñihuari and led by a man named Ñame, left Dayuno and traveled to the Shiripuno River, where they founded the community of Quehueire Ono. The main intention of this settlement was to create a community separate from the mission settlements (and Rachel Saint's/Dayuma's dominance) and return to the old Huaorani culture, though without giving up some of the more modern tools. A school was begun in the settlement in 1990, thanks to funding from the Napo Provincial Government. By 1993, Quehueire Ono was the second-largest Huaorani community, with approximately 223 members.

In March 1990, an organization called ONHAE (The Organization of the Huaorani Nation of the Amazonian from Ecuador; the acronym means flower) was founded. This was with the assistance of CONFENIAE (confederacion de nacionalidades Indigenas del Ecuador), of which ONHAE later became a member. The main purpose of ONHAE was to provide for self-representation of the Huaorani in dealings with the Ecuadorian government, oil companies and other cowode. Also thanks to CONFENIAE, the Huaorani were given legal ownership of over 2,600 square miles (6700 km²) of land, approximately one third of the traditional lands. ONHAE currently operated by holding consensus-based assemblies (Biye in Huao Terero) drawn from across the contacted Huaorani communities.

An August 2005 assembly of over 250 Huaorani convoked by Moi Enomenga, ONHAE and AMWAE (Association of Huaorani Women of the Ecuadorian Amazon) in the community of Tiwino (Orellana province) further rejected drilling and denounced ten Huaorani, contracted by the company to negotiate, for acting without broader support. ONHAE is currently headed by President Nancano Enomenga and Vice President Moi Enomenga.

 

Land rights

In 1990, the Waorani won the rights to an indigenous reserve covering some 6,125.60 square kilometres, thus enabling a semi-autonomous existence. A demarcation process is underway to surround this region with a distinctive band of monoculture trees in order to discourage colonization. However, the land title does not extend to subsoil minerals including extensive oil deposits. The Ecuadorian government has proceeded to license the petroleum drilling rights in the region to multinational oil corporations. The protected status of Yasuní National Park, which overlaps with the Huaorani reserve provides some measure of environmental protection. Additionally, the government has created a protected zone to avoid contact with the Tagaeri.

The conflict over oil drilling rights came to head once again in 2005, as many Waorani have vocally challenged the national government's concession of Oil Block 31 to Petrobras to drill in 1,000 km² of Yasuní National Park. A delegation of more than 100 Waorani to Quito in July called on the national government and that of Brazilian President Lula da Silva to withdrawal from Yasuni.

Recently the Waos have adopted modern technology including GPS and digital mapping, in their effort to resist encroachment on their traditional lands.